Science Of Forensic Anthropology,

Science of forensic anthropology, including the relatively new science. Although at the beginning of the 19th century there were solving a murder case using the data and examination of bone parts - body parts, but the relationship between anthropology and the new police investigation occurred in the 1930's. Inter-gang killings in the 1930s, making the FBI began to investigate on the basis of physical anthropology. 

Second world war and civil war in Korea to help provide basic data about the information on which to base the identification used by anthropologists today. Starting from the assignment of identification on the dead soldiers. The soldiers who will fight to make health data (medical records) prior to deployment to the battlefield, the data includes age, height, history of previous illness and dental records, so the investigators are able to determine the identity of the soldiers and make the statistical data on the bones and skulls. 

In recent years, growing forensic anthropology examinations along with examination of the crime becomes more complex. Identification of the order and the rest of the body is decomposing more important for legal reasons or humanitarian reasons. 

Forensic anthropology is the application of physical sciences or biological anthropology in the legal process. An examination of the rest - the rest of the framework to help determine the identity of the body. This examination can be done as a first step to determine whether the remains are of human origin and can further determine the sex, approximate age, body shape, and the linkage of race. Checks can also estimate the time of death, cause of death and disease history before that time of life or injury caused injury to the bone structure. 

For example, if the order is found in the woods, then the order will be brought to the laboratory to determine whether the order is left is a framework of human, animal or inorganic material. If human, it will be an estimated age at death, race, gender and height of the body. If the order to show evidence that had been buried in a long time or a coffin, then this usually only indicates a history of burial than the time of death. 

Although the main task of anthropology is to determine the identity of the body, but the development can be also to determine opinions about the type and size of weapons used and the number of strokes contained in the victims of violence. Most anthropologists have a high ability to anthropology and has examined many of the remains of the order. Some of them also have experience in the field of police and medical, as well as in serology, toxicology, firearms and identification of injury due to equipment, crime scene investigation, handling and photographic evidence of crimes. And only a few anthropological analysis of footprints and handle the identification of species in relation to the estimated time of death is past. Forensic anthropology is always associated with forensic pathology, odontologi and murder investigation, or manner of death and postmortem interval. 

Keep in mind, although most of the adult skeleton consists of the same amount of bone (206), but no two the same order. Therefore observation of a distinctive pattern or order often show definite identification.

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ACARBOSE

TRADE NAME

Glucobay, Eclid, Precose

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DOSE

These drugs are generally administered with a starting dose of 50 mg and increased gradually to 150-600 mg / day. It is advisable to consume it with a full glass of water on the first bribes breakfast / dining

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INDICATIONS

In addition to sulfonylurea or biguanida Oho therapy in diabetes mellitus which can not be controlled with diet and drug-drug. Acarbose is particularly beneficial for patients with DM tended to increase blood sugar immediately after eating (postprandial hyperglycemia), diabetic patients treated with insulin, will generally decrease the use of insulin if it is combined with acarbose.Obat-alpha-glucosidase inhibitor drugs can be administered as a drug alone or in combination with other diabetes drugs, such as class Oho sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin .-

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Hypersensitivity to acarbose

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Bowel obstruction, partial or whole

Inflammation or sores / ulcers of the colon

Hemorrhoids

Other chronic bowel disease or other diseases that will worsen in the event of excessive gas formation in the gastrointestinal tract.

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SIDE EFFECTS

Acarbose is not absorbed into the blood, therefore adverse systemic side minimal.Efek oft happens, especially with stomach disorders, more gas, more frequent flatulence and sometimes diarrhea, which will be reduced after the treatment lasts longer. Side effects can be reduced with reducing consumption karbohidrat.Kadang times can occur itching and red spots on the skin, shortness of breath, throat felt clogged, swelling of the lips, tongue or wajah.Bila taken together drugs known as sulfonylureas or with insulin, hypoglycemia can occur which can only be solved with pure glucose, so it can not be overcome by giving sucrose (sugar).

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DRUG INTERACTION

With Other Drugs:

Alcohol: may increase hypoglycemic effects. Digestive enzyme supplements such as pancreatin (amylase, protease, lipase) can reduce the effects of acarbose when consumed simultaneously. Calcium antagonists: eg nifedipine sometimes interfere with glucose tolerance. Hormone antagonists: aminoglutetimid can speed up metabolism Oho; oktreotid can lower insulin requirements and Oho.Antihypertensive diazoksid: against hypoglycemic effect. Antidepressants (MAO inhibitors) improve the hypoglycemic effect. Steroid hormones: estrogen and progesterone (oral contraceptives) antagonist effects of hypoglycemia. Klofibrat: may improve glucose tolerance and has an additive effect on Oho. Beta adrenoreceptor blockers: increased hypoglycemic effects and cover the warning symptoms such as tremors. ACE inhibitors: may increase hypoglycemic effects.Ion exchange resins: cholestyramine enhance hypoglycemic effects of acarbose.Drugs that can affect blood glucose levels, such as diuretic drugs (eg hidroklortiazida, klorotiazida, klortalidon, indapamid, etc.), steroidal compounds (eg, prednisone, methylprednisolone, estrogen), compounds phenothiazines (eg chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, promethazine), hormone-thyroid hormone, phenytoin, calcium channel blockers (eg verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine).

Foods: none

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WORKING MECHANISM

Inhibit the enzyme alpha-glucosidase is located on the wall of the small intestine and inhibits the enzyme alpha-amylase of the pancreas, so the overall inhibiting digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Acarbose does not stimulate insulin secretion by ß-cells of Langerhans pancreas gland.

The compounds alpha-glucosidase inhibitors inhibit the enzyme alpha-glucosidase located in the intestinal wall. The enzymes alpha glucosidase (maltase, isomaltase, glukomaltase and sukrase) serves to hydrolyze oligosaccharides, on the intestinal wall work halus.Inhibisi this enzyme can effectively reduce the digestion of complex carbohydrates and absorbsinya, so it can reduce post-prandial increase in glucose levels in diabetic patients. The compound alpha-glucosidase inhibitors also inhibit pancreatic enzyme a-amylase which hydrolyzes polysaccharides work in the small intestine lumen. Acarbose does not stimulate insulin secretion by ß-cells of Langerhans pankreas.Oleh gland because it does not cause hypoglycemia, unless administered together with another or with Oho insulin.Obat is effective for patients with high-carbohydrate diet and fasting plasma glucose levels less of 180 mg / dl.Pasien who received acarbose therapy alone generally will not increase weight, even slightly menurun.Acarbose will be administered in combination therapy with sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin.

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SPECIMENS

Tablets 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg

Storage Stability

Do not store above 25 ° C. Keep away from moisture, should always be tightly closed container.

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MONITORING PARAMETERS

Fasting blood glucose levels: 80-120mg/dl

Hemoglobin A1c: <100mg/dl

Symptoms of hypoglycemia

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PATIENT INFORMATION

Do not consume other drugs without a doctor's permission.

This drug is only acting as the controlling diabetes, not a healer.

These drugs are only contributing factor in the management of diabetes, the main factor is the control diet (diet) and exercise.

Consumption of drugs according to dose and use the rules of the doctor

Monitor blood glucose levels as recommended by the doctor

If you experience symptoms of hypoglycemia (dizziness, weakness, trembling, dazed look), apoplexy (view becomes dark), cold sweat, heart rate increases, immediately call your doctor.

If you've ever experienced hypoglycemia, always carry a small bag of sugar if you are traveling. Immediately eating sugar so you get an attack of hypoglycemia.

Report to your doctor if you are planning to become pregnant

This drug should not be consumed during pregnancy or breastfeeding, unless permitted by the physician.

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